Leaves

Senhwar

1. It is used to treat stomach problems, liver diseases and inflammatory disorders?

1. Akuammidine (CID: 21160714) 2. rhazimol (CID: 101986486) 3. Antirhine (CID: 5462421) 4. Condylocarpine (CID: 5378963)

1.Gilani, S. A., Kikuchi, A., Shinwari, Z. K., Khattak, Z. I., & Watanabe, K. N. (2007). Phytochemical, pharmacological and ethnobotanical studies of Rhazya stricta Decne. Phytotherapy Research, 21(4), 301-307. 2.Ali, B. H., Al-Qarawi, A. A., Bashir, A. K., & Tanira, M. O. (2000). Phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Rhazya stricta Decne: A review. Phytotherapy Research, 14(4), 229-234.

roots

Indian rhubarb, Himalayan rhubarb, Red-veined pie plant

Ilavel cini

1.The root is anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic. 2.The root is taken internally in the treatment of chronic constipation, diarrhoea, liver and gall bladder complaints, haemorrhoids, menstrual problems and skin eruptions due to an accumulation of toxins.

1.Chrysophanol(CID: 10208) 2.emodin(CID: 3220) 3.aloe-emodin(CID: 10207) 4. physcion(CID: 10639) 5.rhein (CID: 10168) 6.Piceatannol(CID: 667639) and 7.resveratrol(CID: 445154)

1.Rokaya, M. B., M?nzbergov?, Z., Timsina, B., & Bhattarai, K. R. (2012). Rheum australe D. Don: a review of its botany, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(3), 761-774. 2.Rokaya, M. B., Mar??k, P., & M?nzbergov?, Z. (2012). Active constituents in Rheum acuminatum and Rheum australe (Polygonaceae) roots: A variation between cultivated and naturally growing plants. Biochemical systematics and ecology, 41, 83-90.

leaves

Tree Rhododendron

Billi

1. The leaves of Rhododendron arboreum has been used in gout & rheumatism. 2.R. arboreum possesses oxytocic, estrogenic, and prostaglandin synthetase-inhibiting activity. 3.The dried flowers of R. arboreum are supposedly highly efficacious in checking diarrhoea and blood dysentery.

1.Glucoside () 2.ericolin (arbutin)() 3.ursolic acid(CID: 64945) 4.b-amyrin( CID: 73145) 5.epifriedelinol(CID: 101341) 6.campanulin() 7.quercetin(CID: 5280343) 8.hyperoside( CID:5281643) 9.Quercetin-3-rhamnoside(CID:15939939) 10.quercetin(CID: 5280343) 11.rutin(CID:5280805) 12.coumaric acid(CID:637542) 13.taraxerol(CI: 92097) 14.ursolic acid acetate(CID: 15917992) 15.ericolin (arbutin)(CID: 440936) 16.epifriedelinol(CID:5280460) 17.campanulin()

1.Kiruba, S., Mahesh, M., Nisha, S. R., Paul, Z. M., & Jeeva, S. (2011). Phytochemical analysis of the flower extracts of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(2), S284-S286. 2.Verma, N., Singh, A. P., Amresh, G., Sahu, P. K., & Rao, C. V. (2010). Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of Rhododendron arboreum. J Pharm Res, 3, 1376-80.

seeds

Grey snoutbean

1.The plant has anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities.

1.Amino acids() 2.Total free phenols() 3.Tannins (CID:76419085) 4. L -DOPA ( CID :6047) 5.Hydrogen cyanide(CID:768) and 6.Phytic acid(CID:768)

1.Sekar, T., & Francis, K. (1999). A preliminary investigation of some Maruthamalai forest plants for phytochemical compounds. Bioresource technology, 70(3), 303-304.

leaves,seeds,roots

Castor bean, Castor oil plant, Wonder tree

Amanakku

1.Leaves are warmed, crushed and applied to annus as a remedy for bleeding piles. 2.Seed oil is purgative. 3.Leaf-paste is used as poultice on sores, gout or rheumatic swellings. 4.Decoction of root is given in lumbago. 5.For lactation, leaves of the plant are heated and applied to a woman's breasts to improve secretion of milk.

1. (3E,7Z,11E)-19-hydroxycasba-3,7,11-trien-5-one() 2. (2R,4aR,8aR)-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-chromene-5,8-dione() 3. lupeol(CID: 259846) and 4.urs-6-ene-3,16-dione (erandone)()

1.Jena, J., & Gupta, A. K. (2012). Ricinus communis Linn: a phytopharmacological review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 4(4), 25-29. 2.Rana, M., Dhamija, H., Prashar, B., & Sharma, S. (2012). Ricinus communis L.?a review. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 4(4), 1706-1711. 3.Kadri, A., Gharsallah, N., Damak, M., & Gdoura, R. (2011). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant properties of essential oil of Ricinus communis L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(8), 1466-1470.

the whole plant

Yellow Himalayan Raspberry, Golden Evergreen Raspberry

1.The plant is astringent and febrifuge. 2.The juice of the root is used in the treatment of fevers, gastric troubles, diarrhoea and dysentery. 3.Both the roots and the young shoots are considered to be a good treatment for colic. 4.The leaf buds, combined with Centella asiatica and Cynodon dactylon, are pounded to a juice and used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. 5.The juice of the fruit is used in the treatment of fever, colic, coughs and sore throat.

1.Gallic acid(CID: 370) 2.catechin(CID:9064) 3. chlorogenic acid(CID: 1794427) 4.caffeic acid(CID: 689043) 5.flavonoids 6. monomeric anthocyanins() 7.ascorbic acid(CID: 54670067) and 8.b-carotene(CID: 5280489)

1.Vadivelan, R., Bhadra, S., Ravi, A. V. S., Singh, K., Shanish, A., Elango, K., & Suresh, B. (2009). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing property of ethanol root extract of Rubus ellipticus Smith in Albino rats. Journal of natural remedies, 9(1), 74-78. 2.Badhani, A., Rawat, S., Bhatt, I. D., & Rawal, R. S. (2015). Variation in chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in yellow Himalayan (Rubus ellipticus smith) and hill raspberry (Rubus niveus thunb.). Journal of food biochemistry, 39(6), 663-672. 3.Patel, A. V., Rojas-Vera, J., & Dacke, C. G. (2004). Therapeutic constituents and actions of Rubus species. Current medicinal chemistry, 11(11), 1501-1512.

roots,leaves

Costus

kostum

1.Costus is widely used in several indigenous systems of medicine for the treatment of various ailments, like asthma, inflammatory diseases, ulcer and stomach problems.

1.Saussurea lactone() 2.costunolide( CID: 556919) 3.dehydrocostuslactone( CID: 73174) 4. costic acid (CID: 6451579) 5. palmitic acid(CID: 985) 6. linoleic acid (CID 5280450) 7. b-sitosterol(CID 222284 ) 8.b -cyclocostunolide(CID: 442192) 9.alantolactone(CID 72724) 10.b-cyclocostunolide(CID: 442192) 11. isoalantolactone(CID 73285) 12.isodehydrocostus lactone( CID: 10933292) 13.isozaluzanin-C() 14.guiainolides() 15. 22-Dihydrostigmasterol(CID: 536947) and 16. sesquiterpenoides()

1.Pandey, M. M., Rastogi, S., & Rawat, A. K. S. (2007). Saussurea costus: botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 110(3), 379-390. 2.Parekh, J., & Chanda, S. (2007). Antibacterial and phytochemical studies on twelve species of Indian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 10(2).

the whole plant

Sweet Broom Weed, Sweet Broom Wort

Sarakkotthini

1. It is traditionally used in treatment of diabetes, dysentery, earache, fever, gonorrhea, headaches, jaundice, snake bite, stomach problems, toothache, warts,inflammation

1. triterpene(CID: 451674) 2.mannital(CID: 6251) and 3.dulcitol( CID: 11850)

1.Tsai, J. C., Peng, W. H., Chiu, T. H., Lai, S. C., & Lee, C. Y. (2011). Anti-inflammatory effects of Scoparia dulcis L. and betulinic acid. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 39(05), 943-956. 2.Chiu-Ming, C., & Ming-Tyan, C. (1976). 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone and triterpenoids from roots of Scoparia dulcis. Phytochemistry, 15(12), 1997-1999. 3.Latha, M., Ramkumar, K. M., Pari, L., Damodaran, P. N., Rajeshkannan, V., & Suresh, T. (2006). Phytochemical and antimicrobial study of an antidiabetic plant: Scoparia dulcis L. Journal of medicinal food, 9(3), 391-394.

leaves,seeds,roots

Common sesban, Egyptian rattlepod, Egyptian riverhemp

Cenkitai

1.The plant has anti-inflammatory activity. 2.The fresh roots and leaves are used to treat scorpion stings, boils and abscesses. 3.The leaves are considered to have antibiotic, anthelmintic, antitumor and contraceptive properties. 4.An oil obtained from the seeds is accorded special properties in ayurvedic medicine and is reported to have antibacterial, cardiac depressant and hypoglycaemic actions

1.Stigmasta-galactopyranosiden 2. terpenoidal saponin() 3.steroidal saponins() 4.tannins(CID:76419085) and 5.flavanoids()

1.Dande, P. R., Talekar, V. S., & Chakraborthy, G. S. (2010). Evaluation of crude saponins extract from leaves of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. for topical anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Res Pharm Sci, 1(Suppl 3), 296-99. 2.Mythili, T., & Ravindhran, R. (2012). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Sesbania sesban(L.) Merr. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 5(4), 179-182.

whole plant

ilima, flannel weed, bala, country mallow, heart-leaf sida

1.It is used for the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa, blenorrhea, asthmatic bronchitis and nasal congestion,stomatitis, of asthma and nasal congestion and in many parts of Africa for various ailments, particularly for respiratory problems. 2.It has been investigated as an anti-inflammatory, for preventing cell proliferation,and for encouraging liver re-growth.3.Because of its ephedrine content, it possesses psychostimulant properties, affecting the central nervous system and also the heart.

1.phenethylamine(CID: 1001) 2.ephedrine(CID: 9294) 3.pseudo-ephedrine(CID: 7028) 4.S-(+)-Nb-methyltryptophan methyl ester( ) 5.hypaphorine() 6.vasicinone(CID: 776133) 7.vasicinol(CID: 442934) 8.choline(CID: 305) and 9.betaine()

1.Franzotti, Em; Santos, Cv; Rodrigues, Hm; Mour?o, Rh; Andrade, Mr; Antoniolli, Ar (Sep 2000). "Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sidacordifolia L. (Malva-branca)?.